A photovoltaic system is a system which uses solar cells to convert light into electricity. They generate direct current (DC) that is converted to alternating current (AC) to be used by the electricity grid. Regardless of the PV configuration , inverter hardware is required to change the direct current PV output to useable AC Power for the grid. PV may be connected to the distribution network at the domestic level of 240V or at higher voltage depending on the size and location of the generating plant.

A photovoltaic system consists of multiple components, including cells, mechanical and electrical connections, mountings and means of regulating and/or modifying the electrical output.

Most of today’s electrical energy is generated by conventional with a low cost of production and gives high reliability. However, concerns about the long term sustainability of fossil fuel-based generation, particularly related to climate change and largely unaccounted future environmental costs, are driving the energy industry toward sustainable, low carbon emitting, renewable energy sources.

21st century people are thinking green energy not black energy. Solar energy technology is technically proven and draws on an inexhaustible primary energy resource, carbon emissions and greenhouse gas impacts are very low.

PV Cells use the “Photovoltaic effect” to generate electricity on exposure to sunlight. These are different types of PV technology:

1. Mono crystalline Silicon: is the most efficient technology to date. It is made from single crystals of Silicon and Expensive. It is as thin as 200 microns. It give 28 % more efficiency
2. Multi crystalline Silicon: it is cheaper. Sliced from blocks of cast silicon and less efficient.
3. Thin Film: it is made by Cadmium, Copper Indium, low cost, less efficiency.

Note: Mono Crystalline and multi Crystalline Silicon PV are the dominant technologies in the market place.

1. Fixed Flat Panel- is a fixed position flat panel module and generally for “all round” performance. It has not got moving parts
2. Tracking Flat Panel PV—can move on one or two axes in order to expose the PV modules surface to follow the Sun and capture the greatest amount of Solar radiation possible.
3. Concentrates PV (CPV)—in order to reduce the net cost of expensive PV cells, mirrors or lenses can be used to focus energy onto a smaller area of PV material.

Comparison of PV option:

Fixed flat panel PV as the lowest price because of the relative simplicity of the installation.
CPV is marginally more expensive with higher risk because of the relatively less mature technology and greater complexity.
Fixed receptors oriented toward the sun collect less solar energy than those that track the sun.
Sun tracking where the Solar collector panel is mounted in a mechanism that tracks the sun. this results in greater energy collection though more costly.

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